This final - d after a long vowel was lost in pronunciation about 200 b.c., after which time its use is an archaism. This week we’ll learn the basics of 5th declension nouns. 258) this - d is seen also in old forms of ablatives of nouns and pronouns and in imperatives which end in a long vowel. Many forms ending in - ē in classical Latin originally ended in - ēd, seen in old Latin: thus accusative-ablative med, ted, sed, the preposition sēd and sē = ‘sine’, adverbs such as facilumed (see p. Fourth declension: genitive singular in - uŏs, - ī,Īnd (in literary records) - uǐs. Accusative plural of i-stems properly in - īs (spelled also - eis, § 4) and of consonant-stems in - ēs, the two endings being confused with each other. Nominative plural rarely in - īs, imitating the accusative. Ablative singular in - īd (-ED occurs twice, and may be either - ēd or - ĕd, but is an analogical form that did not spread) and rarely in - ei (for - ī, § 4). 200 b.c, but surviving in the legal phrase iure dicundo, even in literary records. Dative singular - ei and - ē (see § 3) the latter disappearing c. Third declension: genitive singular - ĕs, becoming standard - ǐs also dialectal - us (from older- ds, Dative-ablative plural in - eis (§§ 3–4). Of the following), and a later formation in - ōrom (also - ōro, § 12), classical - ōrum. Genitive plural in - om (and - o, § 12) and - um (not a contraction
(classical) - ī (see §§ 3–4) also in - eis, - ēs, - īs, with - s transferred from the third declension. ( ūd in this declension being probably dialectic). Or - ŏ (see § 11) and accusative in - ŏm or - ŏ (see § 12) plebeian and dialectal Latin show a rare nominative in - is (for - ios also in - i-see § 22) and accusative in - im (for - iom). In creating this Grammar I have hoped to accomplish three things: 1) to address the questions modern American students of Latin might have about Grammar (that is, I have not endeavored to be 'complete. Second declension: nominative singular in - ŏs The pages found in the Grammar are the same pages that you will link to if you follow any grammatical link on the Catiline or the Wheelock pages. Genitive plural in - om or - um (rare), in imitation of the second declension form. Nominative plural in diphthongal - ai (see § 5) also a rare older form in - as, sometimes reduced to - a (see § 5, also § 11). Ablative singular in - ad until after 200 b.c. Dative singular in - ai or - ā (see § 5). onwards in ‘common’ or plebeian language) - aes. First declension: genitive singular in two long syllables- āī (not the diphthong ai-see § 5), which is used even by Virgil still older genitive singular also in - ās, surviving into standard Latin in pater familias and mater familias also in - ais or (from about 80 b.c. The following are the main peculiarities of formation, spelling, and punctuation in inflexions as they occur in old inscriptions, some being repeated from the general remarks already given. Joining of the preposition to the word following, and separation of the preposition in compound verbs from the verb, seem to be matters of personal preference only. So far as the - o- is concerned, an example of dialectal syncope.
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